Reading Effectively
More Reading Strategies
Active readers use reading strategies to help save time and cover a lot
of ground. Your purpose for reading should determine which strategy or strategies
to use.
5. Critical Reading
Being critical in an academic context does not mean simply criticising or
‘finding fault’. It means understanding how ideas have been arrived at,
and evaluating their strengths and weaknesses. Here are some of the main
features of critical reading.
- Recognising the writer’s purpose and underlying values (social, cultural
and historical influences).
- Recognising patterns of the argument.
- Linking ideas in the text to other ideas and texts.
- Exploring alternatives to the stated idea.
- Recognising the assumptions and underlying values that you bring to
your reading.
Being an ACTIVE reader means being a CRITICAL reader. The purpose of critical
reading is to gain a deeper understanding of the material. It involves reading
in depth and actively questioning what you read. Some questions you should
ask yourself while reading are below
Asking questions as you read
As you read a section of a book or article, look for information to help
you answer the following questions.
1. The author’s purpose
- Why has the author written the material? For whom is it intended?
- What theoretical perspective has the author taken?
- How does this perspective
relate to other material in the field?
2. Content
- What is the main theme, thesis or argument?
- What main points are used to support this thesis?
- What explanation or
evidence is used to support the main points?
- Do the main ideas seem well researched and accurate? Is the evidence
correct (as far as you know)?
- Which aspects of the topic has the author chosen to concentrate on and
which to omit?
- Has a contemporary issue or a particular philosophy influenced the author’s
argument? Is the author putting forward a particular point of view?
- What are the author’s assumptions? Are these explicitly stated?
- Is there any evidence of deliberate bias, such as interpretation of
material or choice of sources?
- Does any graphic material illustrate or restate the written content?
- How do the contents relate to what you know about the topic?
- Which of your questions about the subject does the author answer? Which
are left unanswered?
- Do any items puzzle or intrigue you?
3. Structure
- What is the framework used to organise the material? Is it clearly explained?
- How is the theme/thesis/argument reflected in the structure?
- How is the content organised and developed within the framework?
- How does the conclusion relate to the introduction and to the rest of
the material?
4. Style and format
- In what style has the material been written? For example, is it formal
or informal, simple or complex, didactic or persuasive, narrative, analytical?
- How does the style and format influence your reaction to the material?
6. Reading to Remember
The SQ3R Method of StudyReading is one of the core activities of study.
You need to be able to understand what you read and to be able to recall
the main ideas when you need them. You can use the SQ3R method to help you
remember a reading for tutorials, seminars or to revise for exams.
S = Survey
Before you start to read, survey the material to gain an overview of
the contents.
Approach a reading by scanning the title(s), subheading and any summaries
or abstracts. Doing this will help you gain an idea of the main idea
or topic of the piece. You may also find that you get some idea of the
author’s position.
Q = Question
Your reading will be more memorable if you question the material.
1. Ask
yourself what the lecturer/ tutor say about the chapter or
subject?
2. Devise questions that will guide your reading:
- Think about specific questions that you need to, or would like to
find answers for.
- Read any focus questions at the end of the reading.
- If there are headings in the material, turn the headings into
questions. For example, if the heading is Qualitative and Quantitative
Research, your question might be: ‘What is the difference between
these two types of research?’
3. Make a list of your questions. You will use them during revision to
help you remember what you have read.
R1 = Read
Be prepared to READ material twice. First, read without making
notes:
- Look for the author’s plan. Read any headings, abstracts or
summaries. This will give you an idea of the main thesis.
- Look for answers to the questions you first raised.
- Compare diagrams and illustrations with the written text. Often
you will understand more from them.
- Make sure you understand what you are reading. Reduce your reading
speed for difficult passages. Stop and reread parts which are not clear.
- If you have difficulty understanding a text, look up difficult words
in the dictionary or glossary of terms and reread.
If the meaning of a word or passage still evades you, leave it and read
on. Perhaps after more reading you will find it more accessible and the
meaning will become clear. Speak to your tutor if your difficulty continues.
- Question the author’s reasoning. Is each point justified? Is there
enough evidence? What is it?
- Use personal experience as a memory aid. When the author makes
a claim, reflect on your own experience to support or disprove it.
This will help you remember and understand. But keep in mind that
you are using personal experience only as a memory aid—it is not
sufficient to prove or refute a research finding!
On your second reading, begin to take notes:
- Note down the main idea(s) of each paragraph. This is often the
first or last sentence.
- Look for important details (supporting evidence, written
illustrations of points, provisions or alternatives). Examples
can be good cues for your memory.
- Take notes from the text, but write information in your own words.
- In your notes, underline or highlight the important points. This
will be useful for later revision.
R2 = Recall
You should now try to recall what you have read.
- Close the book.
- Make notes of what you remember.
- Check their accuracy against the notes you made during
your reading.
- Return to the reading. Read one section at a time and try
to recall what you have read. It can also be helpful to RECITE
ideas aloud to help you remember.
R3 = Review
Now Review what you have read. At the end of your study period,
check the accuracy of your notes against the original material
(if you have underlined the main points, this should be simple!).
This is an important part of the process because it can really
help you remember what you have studied. The next day:
- Read through your notes to reacquaint yourself with the main points.
- Now read through the questions you noted down and try to answer
them from memory.
- Try doing the same thing after a few days.
Periodically reviewing notes will help you at exam time.
The more you revise throughout semester, the less you will
need to cram during exam study periods.