Harvard Referencing

A page number is required if you are paraphrasing, summarising or quoting directly:

(Karskens 1997, p.23)

Ward (1966, p. 12) suggests that ...

If you are only citing the main idea of the book:

(Karskens 1997)

Karskens, G 1997, The Rocks: life in early Sydney, Melbourne University Press, Carlton.

Ward, R 1966, The Australian legend, 2nd edn, Oxford University Press, Melbourne.

Present full bibliographic details in the following order:

• author’s surname and initial(s)
• year of publication
• title of publication (in italics and with minimal capitalisation)
• edition (if applicable. Abbreviated as ‘edn’)
• publisher
• place of publication

If the page number is required, as it is for summarising, paraphrasing and direct quoting:

(Kozulin 1993, p. 257)

If you are citing the main idea of the article only:

(Kozulin 1993)

Kozulin, A 1993, 'Literature as a psychological tool', Educational Psychologist, vol. 28, no. 3, summer, pp. 253-265.

Place the information in the following order:

• author’s surname and initial
• year of publication
• title of article (between single quotation marks and with minimal capitalisation)
• title of journal or periodical (in italics, using maximum capitalisation)
• volume number, if applicable issue number, month or season (if applicable)
• page numbers of the article

A book collection consists of a collection of articles or chapters, each by different authors, but compiled by editor(s).

If you want to cite a particular article/chapter, cite the author(s) of the article in the text:

(Curthoys 1997, p. 25)

When you use an article or chapter from a book collection, the title of the article appears in quotations. The title of the book is italicised. For example:

Curthoys, A 1997, 'History and identity', in W Hudson & G Bolton (eds), Creating Australia: changing Australian history, Allen & Unwin, Sydney, pp. 23-38.

Place the information in the following order:

• author’s surname and initial
• year of publication
• name of article (between single quotation marks and with minimal capitalisation)
• in
• initial(s) and surname(s) of editor(s)
• (ed.) or (eds)
• name of collection (the name on the title page) in italics and minimal capitalisation
• publisher
• place of publication
• page range

If you want to cite the entire book, refer to the editors(s) of the collection in the text:

(Hudson & Bolton 1997)

To cite the entire book:

Hudson, W & Bolton, G (eds) 1997, Creating Australia: changing Australian history, Allen & Unwin, Sydney.

If there is no author, list the name of the newspaper, the date, year and page number:

(Sydney Morning Herald 7 March 1994, p. 8)

If there is an author, cite as you would for a journal article:

(Donaghy 1994, p. 3)

An unattributed newspaper article:

'UNSW gains top ranking from quality team', Sydney Morning Herald, 30 February, 1994, p.21.

A newspaper article with a named author:

Donaghy, B 1994, 'National meeting set to review tertiary admissions', Campus News, 3-9 March, p. 3.

Include the abbreviation 'pers. comm.' in your in-text reference:

(B Daly 1994, pers. comm., 7 Aug.)

Note that the initial(s) precede the surname.

Details of a personal communication do not usually need to be included in the List of References as it cannot be traced by the reader. Check with your tutor or lecturer for their preferences.

Before using personal communications, ensure you have the permission of the person with whom you communicated.

In the text, cite the author or authoring body and the date if available:

(New South Wales Dept of Primary Industries 2005)

New South Wales Dept of Primary Industries 2005, Saltwater recreational fishing in New South Wales: rules & regulations summary, brochure, NSWDPI, New South Wales.

Inlcude as much information as available. The publisher’s name may be abbreviated if it is also the author.

Refer to the work in the text, then include book author, date, page number:

De Kooning’s 1952 painting 'Woman and Bicycle' (Hughes 1980, p. 295) is an example of ...’

List the book containing the image:

Hughes, R 1980, The shock of the new: art and the century of change, British Broadcasting Corporation, London.

If there is no obvious author or editor, cite the sponsoring agency as the author:

(Department of Education, Science & Training 2000)

Give the name of the ministry or agency that has issued the document:

Department of Education, Science & Training 2000, Annual Report 1999-2000, AGPS, Canberra.

For example, a preface, introduction or foreword contributed by someone other than the author of the publication:

Drabble (in Bronte 1978) suggests ….

n the List of References, provide the details of the publication to which the contribution was made:

Bronte, E 1978, Wuthering Heights and poems, H Osborne (ed.), Orion Publishing Group, London. Introduction by Margaret Drabble.

(Ballard 2003, p. 132)

(Fitzsimmons 2005)

When citing a thesis in the List of References:

• put the title between quotation marks and do not use italics.
• acknowledge the university where the thesis was undertaken

Ballard, BA 2003, 'The seeing machine: photography and the visualisation of culture in Australia, 1890-1930', PhD thesis, University of Melbourne.

An unpublished conference paper:

Fitzsimmons, D 2005, 'Who chooses who belongs: tactics and strategies and migrant literature', paper presented at the AULLA & FILLM conference, James Cook University, Cairns, 15-19th July.

Use the full name in the first in-text reference:

(Australian Bureau of Statistics 2005)

and use the abbreviation 'ABS' in subsequent references:

(ABS 2005)

Australian Bureau of Statistics 2005, New South Wales in focus, Cat. no. 1338.1, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra.

• name of agency as author
• year of publication
• title of publication (in italics)
• catalogue number
• name of publisher
• place of publication

If you are viewing the information online, include:

• date of viewing (if viewed online)
• database name (if applicable)
• URL (between pointed brackets

Australian Bureau of Statistics 2007, Internet Activity, Australia, Sep 2006, Cat. no. 8153.0, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra, viewed 11 April 2007, <http://www.abs.gov.au>.