Harvard Referencing for Electronic Sources

In text

Cite the name of the author/ authoring body and the date created or last revised):

(International Narcotics Control Board 1999)

List of References

International Narcotics Control Board 1999, United Nations, Vienna, accessed 1 October 1999, <http://www.incb.org>.

Include the following information:

• author (the person or organisation responsible for the site)
• year (date created or last updated)
• name of sponsor of site
• place of sponsor of site (if available)
• accessed day month year (the date you viewed the site)
• URL or Internet address (between pointed brackets)
• If possible, ensure that the URL is included without a line-break.

Information should include author/authoring body name(s) and the date created or last revised:

(Winston 1999) or:

(United Nations 1999)

Winston, J 1999, A look at referencing, AAA Educational Services, accessed 20 October 2002, <http://www.aaa.edu.au/aaa.html>.

United Nations Web Services 2006, History of the Charter, The United Nations, accessed 6 June 2007, <http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/history/>.

Include the following information:

• author (the person or organisation responsible for the site)
• year (date created or last updated)
• title (in italics)
• name of sponsor of site
• accessed day month year (the date you viewed the site)
• URL or Internet address (between pointed brackets)

If the author's name is unknown, cite the website/ page title and date:

(Land for sale on moon 2007)

If there is no date on the page, use the abbreviation n.d. (no date):

(ArtsNSW n.d.)

Cite the author name and date:

(Morris 2004)

Morris, A 2004, ‘Is this racism? Representations of South Africa in the Sydney Morning Herald since the inauguration of Thabo Mbeki as president’, Australian Humanities Review, Issue 33, August - October 2004, accessed 11 May 2007,
<http://www.lib.latrobe.edu.au/AHR/archive/Issue-August-2004/morris.html>.

Cite the following information:

• author(s) name and initials
• title of the article (between single quotation marks)
• title of the journal (in italics)
• all publication information (issue number, volume number etc.)
• accessed day month year (the date of viewing)
• URL or Internet address (between pointed brackets)

Cite in-text as for a printed book. An e-book usually has page numbers:

Lloyd (2005, p. 262)

or

(Lloyd 2005, p. 262).

Accessed online

Lloyd, CB (ed.) 2005, Growing up global: The changing transitions to adulthood in developing countries, e-book, accessed 5 May 2007, <http://www.nap.edu/books/11174/html/index.html>.

Include the following information:

• author/ editor name(s)
• date of publication
  
• title of e-book (in italics)
  
• format (e-book)
  
• accessed day month year (the date of viewing)
  
• URL or Internet address (between pointed brackets)

Accessed via a database

Woodham, JM 2004, A dictionary of modern design, e-book, accessed 25 July 2007 from Oxford Reference Online Database.

In Text

Include author/ date:

(Smith 2008) or

Smith (2008) states that…

E-books often lack page numbers (though PDF versions may have them). If page numbers are not available on ebook readers, use the chapters instead for indicating the location of a quoted section:

List of References

Include:

• author name and initial
• year (date of Kindle Edition)
• title (in italics)
• the type of e-book version you accessed (two examples are the Kindle Edition version and the Adobe Digital Editions version).
• accessed day month year (the date you first accessed the ebook)
• the book’s DOI (digital object idenitifer) or where you downloaded the e-book from (if there is no DOI).

For example:

Smith, A 2008, The Wealth of Nations, Kindle version, accessed 20 August 2010 from Amazon.com.

Smith, A 2008, The Wealth of Nations, Adobe Digital Editions version, accessed 20 August 2010, doi:10.1036/007142363X.

In the text

Cite as you would a journal article:

(Nicholls 2006, p. 171)

(Holmes 2004)

Articles retrieved from databases are usually in pdf form and have page numbers.

List of References

Nicholls, D 2006, ''Does the meaning mean a thing?': Johnny Young’s hit songs of the 60s-70s', Australian Cultural History, No. 24, pp. 163-183, accessed 11 May 2007 from Informit Full Text Database, ISSN: 0728-8433.

Holmes, S 2004, ''But this Time You Choose!': Approaching the 'Interactive' audience in reality TV', International Journal of Cultural Studies, No. 7, pp. 213-231, accessed 3 March 2007 from Sage Journals Online.

Cite the article as you would the same article in a print publication, listing:

• author(s) name and initials
• title of the article (between single quotation marks)
• title of the journal (in italics)
• any publication information (volume, number etc.)
• page range
• accessed day month year (the date you accessed the article)
• from name of database
• item number (if given)

If the article has a named author:

(Pianin 2001)

Pianin, E 2001, 'As coal’s fortunes climb, mountains tremble in W.Va; energy policy is transforming lives', The Washington Post, 25 February, p. A03, accessed 8 March 2001 from Electric Library Australasia.

Include the following information:

• author (if available)
• year of publication
• article title (between single quotation marks)
• newspaper title (in italics)
• date of article (day, month, page number—if given—and any additional information available)
• accessed day month year (the date you accessed the items)
• from name of database
• item number (if given)

No named author:

(The Illinois Gazette 1830)

If there is no named author, list the article title first.

‘On Liberty and Slavery’, The Illinois Gazette, March 20, 1830; Issue 45; col A, accessed 12 April 2007 from Infotrac Database.

‘Amending the Constitution’, New York Daily Times, 16 October 1851, p. 2, accessed 15 July 2007 from ProQuest Historical Newspapers database.

Cite author, date, page number:

(Lee 2005 p. 78)

Lee, C 2005, 'Beyond the Pink: (Post) Youth Iconography in Cinema', PhD thesis, Murdoch University, accessed 15 June 2007 from Australian Digital Thesis Program Database.

Include the following:

• author name and initial
• year
• thesis title (between single quotation marks, no italics)
• type of thesis (eg. MA, Phd)
• institution
• date accessed
• from database name