Harvard Referencing for Electronic Sources

In text

Cite the author name and year:

(Coorey 2007)

List of References

Coorey, P 2007, ‘Costello hints at green safety net’, Sydney Morning
Herald, 10 May, accessed 14 May 2007, <http://www.smh.com.au/news/
business/costello-hints-at-green-safety-net/2007/05/09/1178390393875.html>.

In the text, cite the author (the person responsible for the release) and date:

Prime Minister Howard (2007) announced plans for further welfare reform ...

Office of the Prime Minister 2007, Welfare Payments Reform, media release, , accessed 25 July 2007, <http://www.pm.gov.au/media/Release/2007/Media_Release24432.cfm>.

Include the following information:

• author name or authoring organisation name
• date
• title of release (in italics)
• format
• accessed day month year
• URL (between pointed brackets)

Include the full title and date of production:

(My Brilliant Career 1979)

(Four Corners 9 July 2001)

My Brilliant Career, 1979, motion picture, New South Wales Film Corporation, distributed by Australian Video, Australia.

Going backwards: Four Corners 2001, television program, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Sydney, 9 July.

Include the following details in the List of References:

• title (if part of an ongoing series, list the episode title first, then the series name)
• year of recording
• format
• publisher/ distributor
• place of recording
• date of recording (if applicable)

In the Overlander’s (2007) short film ...

The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1919) is a German expressionist classic from the silent era ...

The Overlander 2007, Overlander.tv: Aboriginal tent embassy, Canberra, online video, accessed 31 July 2007, <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abMlHjO2nh4>.

The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, 1919, online video, accessed 20 June 2007, <http://video.google.com.au/videoplay?docid=-411719693227284081>.

Cite the CD title and year:

(Australia through time 1994)

Australia through time 1994, CD-ROM, Random ROM in assoc. with the ABC, Sydney.

The bibliographic details are the same as those required for films, videos, DVDs, television and radio programs.

Include:

• title (in italics)
• year of recording
• format
• publisher
• place of recording

Include author name and year of posting:

(Bartlett 2006)

(Bahnisch 2007)

A blog

Bartlett, A 2007, The Bartlett diaries, weblog, accessed 22 May 2007, <http://www.andrewbartlett.com/blog/>.

A blog post

If you are citing a group blog, cite the author of the post:

Bahnisch, M 2007, ‘The commentariat vs. the people?’, Larvatus Prodeo, weblog post, 11 May, accessed 22 May 2007, <http://larvatusprodeo.net/2007/05/11/the-commentariat-vs-the-people/>.

Include:

• the name (or alias) of the author
• year of post
• the title of the posting (if applicable) between single quotation marks
• the title of the site (in italics)
• format
• the date of posting (day month)
• accessed day month year (the date you viewed the site)
• the URL of the blog post (between pointed brackets)

As wikis usually feature user-generated content, there is usually no named author.

Cite the title of the wiki and the date of last revision:

(An Essay Evolves 2007)

'Freud and science', An essay evolves, wiki article, March 8 2007, accessed 20 May 2007, <http://evolvingessay.pbwiki.com/Freud+and+Science>.

Include the following information:

• article name (between single quotation marks)
• title of wiki (in italics)
• format
• date of last revision
• accessed day month year (the date you viewed the site)
• the URL of wiki article page (between pointed brackets)

In the text

Include the abbreviation ‘pers. comm.’ in your in-text reference:

(J Smith 2006, pers. comm. 23 July)

Note that the initial precedes the surname.

If the the form of communication is relevant, mention it in the text:

Email confirmation was received (J Smith 2006, pers. comm. 23 July).

List of References

References to emails are treated as a form of personal communication and are not usually included in reference lists as they cannot be traced by the reader. However, if your tutor or lecturer requests an entry in the List of References, cite emails as below:

Smith, J 2006, email 23 July, <j.smith@mailbox.com.au>.

Include author name and date of posting:

(Wiggers 2006)

Wiggers, D <darryl@nestcom.net> 2006 ‘Media and imperialism’, list server, 4 June, H-Net Humanities & Social Sciences OnLine, accessed 12 September 2006, <http://www.h-net.org/~film/>

Include the following details:

• author
• author’s details (eg. email address)
• date of posting
• title of posting (from the ‘subject’ line in the message)
• format (listserver)
• name of list owner
• accessed day month year (the date of viewing)
• URL or Internet address (between pointed brackets)

(Lingua Franca 2007)

referring to the speaker:

Jill Kitson (Lingua Franca 2007) reported that …

Lingua Franca 2007, podcast radio programme, ABC Radio National, 28 April, accessed 25 May 2007, <http://abc.net.au/rn/podcast/feeds/lin.xml>.

List a podcast as you would a radio program. Include the following:

• name of the podcast (in italics)
• year
• format (podcast)
• publisher
• date of podcast (day, month)
• accessed day month year
• the URL (between pointed brackets)